Peseta

Catalonia's peseta issues of this period were struck under French occupation, after Napoleon installed his brother Joseph Bonaparte on the Spanish throne in 1808. The Principality's mint at Barcelona continued producing coinage under increasingly chaotic administrative conditions — French imperial authority nominally in control, but guerrilla resistance disrupting supply chains and workforce continuity throughout the peninsula.

Cal#45 is known with significant die variation across the run, a predictable consequence of erratic mint supervision during these years.