Obol - Raymond V, VI or VII

The counts of Toulouse struck these small silver pieces across a century bookended by crusade and catastrophe. The Albigensian Crusade, launched in 1209, progressively dismembered the county's autonomy — Raymond VI was excommunicated, his lands ravaged, and the dynasty spent decades fighting for survival against both the French crown and the papacy. Raymond VII's eventual submission under the Treaty of Paris in 1229 effectively ended independent Toulousain monetary policy, making the later issues of this series products of a court already stripped of real power.