Obol - Pepin II Toulouse mint

Historical Context: This silver obol was issued by Pepin II of Aquitaine between 845 and 848 from the Toulouse mint. Pepin II, grandson of Louis the Pious, reigned during a tumultuous period marked by the fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire following the Treaty of Verdun (843). His rule in Aquitaine was contested, characterized by ongoing conflicts with his uncle Charles the Bald and increasing Viking incursions. The issuance of coinage under Pepin II reflects his assertion of local authority amidst a weakening central power, though his control was often precarious and his reign ultimately unsuccessful. Coins from this period are crucial evidence of the decentralized political landscape of mid-9th century Francia.

Artistry: The artistry of this obol adheres to the simplified Carolingian numismatic tradition prevalent for small denominations. While no specific engraver is attributed, the style reflects the practical rather than highly artistic approach of regional mints during this era. The obverse typically features a cross potent, often within a linear circle, symbolizing Christian authority. The reverse commonly displays a monogram of Pepin (e.g., 'PIP') or the mint name 'TOLOSA', rendered in a somewhat crude but legible manner. The designs are functional, emphasizing legibility and the issuer's identity over intricate detail, characteristic of coinage produced in a period of political instability.

Technical/Grading: Weighing 0.65 grams of silver, this obol is representative of the small module coinage of the period. High-points for wear would typically include the center and arms of the cross on the obverse, and the intersecting lines of the monogram or the raised letters of the mint name on the reverse. Technically, strikes are often irregular; off-center strikes, weak areas, and uneven flans are common due to rudimentary minting practices. The small planchet size frequently results in portions of the legend or design being off-flan. A well-centered example with full legends and a strong strike on a round flan would be considered exceptional for this issue.