Groat - Arnold of Hoorne

Arnold of Hoorne's tenure as Bishop of Utrecht was defined less by ecclesiastical affairs than by his entanglement in the prolonged dynastic struggles between the Wittelsbach and Habsburg factions competing for influence over the Low Countries. His ability to mint silver coinage was itself a hard-won jurisdictional privilege, frequently contested by neighboring secular lords. The groat series from his episcopate is sparsely documented, and surviving examples are uncommon enough that die studies remain incomplete.

Van der Chijs's reference remains the primary catalog anchor for this type.