Gold Ecu with sun - Charles VIII 1st issue of Perpignan

Charles VIII inherited the throne at thirteen, and Perpignan was not straightforwardly his to mint from. The city and its region, Roussillon, had been pledged to France by John II of Aragon in 1462 as security against a loan — a political mortgage that left the mint operating under contested sovereignty for decades. When Charles came of age and consolidated control, the Perpignan workshop continued producing gold écus that carried the sun privy mark distinguishing its output from the great French mints to the north.

The Ciani reference yields nothing for this type — a notable absence given Ciani's breadth.