Fractional dirham 'Ornamental type' - anepigraphic Bulghar mint

The anepigraphic fractional dirhams of the Golden Horde's Bulghar mint occupy an awkward corner of Jochid numismatics — no ruler name, no date, no mint formula in the conventional sense, yet attributed with reasonable confidence to the late 13th and early 14th century on stylistic and stratigraphic grounds. Bulghar on the Volga was the principal commercial hub of the northern Ulus, and small-denomination silver of this kind circulated heavily in fur-trade markets where exact literacy of the coin's issuing authority mattered far less than its silver content and recognizable ornamental type.