Fals - Anonymous

The anonymous copper fals circulated in a caliphate that was, for most of this period, still working out how to govern conquered territories with wildly inconsistent local monetary traditions. The Umayyad reform coinage of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan in 696–697 had standardized gold and silver, but copper was left largely to regional mints operating with minimal central oversight — which is precisely why attribution of these small pieces remains so contested among Islamic numismatists.