Fals - al-Asfrash Qansuh II al-Ghuri

Qansuh II al-Ghuri, the penultimate Mamluk sultan, ruled during the dynasty's terminal decades as Ottoman pressure from the north and Portuguese disruption of Red Sea trade routes simultaneously squeezed Mamluk revenues. The copper fals was the workhorse of street-level commerce in Cairo and the Levantine cities — silver and gold coinage rarely reached ordinary transactions. Al-Ghuri attempted repeated currency reforms to shore up a fiscal system collapsing under military expenditure, and fals issues from his reign circulated in conditions of chronic monetary stress.

He died at the Battle of Marj Dabiq in 1516, where Ottoman firearms ended five centuries of Mamluk rule in a single afternoon.