The COS III designation places this issue after 119 AD, when Hadrian took his third consulship, but the P P — Pater Patriae, Father of the Fatherland — was a title he famously refused for years before finally accepting it in 128 AD, making that combination a reliable chronological anchor. These years coincide with Hadrian's intensive building program in Rome and his broader effort to consolidate rather than expand the empire, a deliberate reversal of Trajanic policy that made him deeply unpopular with the Senate.
RIC II.3 1365 reflects the revised Crawford-era scholarship that split the old RIC II into three volumes to accommodate the expanded die study.
The COS III designation places this issue after 119 AD, when Hadrian took his third consulship, but the P P — Pater Patriae, Father of the Fatherland — was a title he famously refused for years before finally accepting it in 128 AD, making that combination a reliable chronological anchor. These years coincide with Hadrian's intensive building program in Rome and his broader effort to consolidate rather than expand the empire, a deliberate reversal of Trajanic policy that made him deeply unpopular with the Senate.
RIC II.3 1365 reflects the revised Crawford-era scholarship that split the old RIC II into three volumes to accommodate the expanded die study.