Ducat - Paul of Campofregoso, 2d reign

Paul of Campofregoso's second tenure as Doge was itself an anomaly — he served simultaneously as Archbishop of Genoa, a union of ecclesiastical and civic authority that the papacy tolerated uneasily. His first reign had ended in forced exile; he returned to power in 1483 largely through his own military maneuvering rather than any legitimate succession. Gold ducats struck under his name during these five years carry that political instability implicitly, issued by a republic that was functionally controlled by a single family operating outside normal Genoese constitutional arrangements.