Ducat - Paul of Campofregoso, 2d reign

Historical Context: The Ducat of Paul of Campofregoso, struck during his second dogeship (1483-1488), encapsulates a period of persistent political flux for the Republic of Genoa. A complex figure, Campofregoso, a former archbishop, navigated the treacherous waters of late 15th-century Italian politics, balancing internal factionalism with external pressures from powerful neighbors like Milan and France. This gold coinage reflects Genoa's enduring economic prowess as a maritime trading power, a testament to its continued role in Mediterranean commerce despite constant shifts in leadership and internal strife, affirming its status as a vital mercantile hub.

Artistry: The ducat's design adheres to the established numismatic traditions of the Italian Renaissance, blending heraldic symbolism with imperial allusions. While specific engravers remain largely anonymous for this period, the coin exhibits the typical craftsmanship of the Genoese mint. The obverse features a prominent cross pattee, often with stars or pellets in the quarters, symbolizing the Christian faith of the Republic. The reverse, notably, carries the legend "CONRADVS.REX.ROMANOR," a historical reference to imperial grants, alongside the shield of Genoa or the Doge's personal arms, encircled by the ruler's name and titles.

Technical/Grading: Struck in gold to a consistent weight of 3.5 grams and diameter of 21 millimeters, this hammered coinage often displays characteristic irregularities inherent to its production method. High-points susceptible to wear typically include the central elements of the cross, the highest relief points of the heraldic shield, and the lettering, particularly at the tops of the characters. Collectors should assess the overall planchet quality, strike centering, and the clarity of the legends and devices, as these factors significantly influence its numismatic grade and historical appeal.