Dirham - Muhammad ibn Ahmad

The Shirvanshah rulers of this period occupied an awkward position between the declining Buyid sphere and the encroaching Samanid east, issuing coinage that asserted local dynastic legitimacy while nominally acknowledging Abbasid caliphal authority. Muhammad ibn Ahmad's dirhams from this decade are poorly documented in Western references — the Wilkes gap is telling — and most surviving examples derive from hoards recovered in the southern Caucasus and northern Iran rather than from systematic excavation.