Dirham - Mangu Timur Bulghar mint

Mangu Timur was the first Golden Horde khan to strike coins in his own name rather than continuing to attribute issues to the Mongol Great Khan in distant Karakorum — a decisive assertion of the western ulus's practical independence from the broader Mongol empire. The Bulghar mint on the middle Volga was the dominant silver-striking facility for the Horde throughout this period, drawing on established Bulgar commercial networks that predated the Mongol conquest by centuries.

The relatively low weight of surviving examples reflects a gradual dirham debasement that accelerated under later khans.