Dirham - Khusrafiruz b. Rukn al-dawla vassal of Fakhr al-Dawla - Amul mint

Khusrafiruz held Amul as a vassal under Fakhr al-Dawla during the fractious final decades of Buyid power in the Caspian region, a period when local Ziyarid and Buyid client rulers struck coin in their own names while nominally acknowledging overlords they frequently defied. The Amul mint served the trade networks feeding south along the Haraz road into the central Iranian plateau, making its output economically significant well beyond its modest political footprint.

Issues naming both a vassal and his Buyid suzerain on the same flan are among the more complicated attribution problems in tenth-century Islamic numismatics — the hierarchy of acknowledgment shifted issue to issue.