Dirham - anonymous, temp. Mangu Timur Bulghar mint

Mangu Timur was the first Golden Horde khan to assert genuine independence from the broader Mongol empire, formally breaking from the Ilkhanate and Toluid authority in the late 1260s. These anonymous dirhams — bearing no ruler's name — reflect the transitional minting conventions of the Bulghar mint during precisely that consolidation period, before his name began appearing on coinage. Bulghar on the Volga was the dominant commercial and minting center of the western steppe at this point, its output fueling trade networks stretching from the Baltic to Central Asia.