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Dirham - anonymous, temp. Mangu Timur Bulghar mint
| Issuer | Golden Horde |
|---|---|
| Year | 1266-1280 |
| Type | Log in to see details |
| Value | Log in to see details |
| Currency | Log in to see details |
| Composition | Log in to see details |
| Weight | Log in to see details |
| Diameter | Log in to see details |
| Thickness | Log in to see details |
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| Technique | Log in to see details |
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| Engraver(s) | Log in to see details |
| In circulation to | Log in to see details |
| Reference(s) | Sagdeeva#19, Sing#43-46, A#D2020, Zeno cat#6670 |
| Obverse description | Log in to see details |
|---|---|
| Obverse script | Log in to see details |
| Obverse lettering | Log in to see details |
| Reverse description | Bold Arabic mint formula in stylized script occupying the central field, reading 'darb Bulghar' (struck at Bulghar), identifying the mint city on the Volga. Above the main inscription, a curvilinear floral or vegetal arabesque pattern serves as a decorative element. The lettering is executed in a robust, somewhat angular hand characteristic of early Golden Horde coinage, with the individual letter forms heavily stylized and intertwined. The field is otherwise plain, with no border legend or additional ornamental devices visible. |
| Reverse script | Arabic |
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| Edge | Log in to see details |
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| Additional information |
Mangu Timur was the first Golden Horde khan to assert genuine independence from the broader Mongol empire, formally breaking from the Ilkhanate and Toluid authority in the late 1260s. These anonymous dirhams — bearing no ruler's name — reflect the transitional minting conventions of the Bulghar mint during precisely that consolidation period, before his name began appearing on coinage. Bulghar on the Volga was the dominant commercial and minting center of the western steppe at this point, its output fueling trade networks stretching from the Baltic to Central Asia.