Dirham - al-Fadl II b. Shawur citing Seljuq Tughril Beg

The Shaddadids were a Kurdish dynasty that managed the difficult political geography of the southern Caucasus by aligning themselves with whichever Sunni power was ascendant. Al-Fadl II's citation of Tughril Beg on this issue is chronologically awkward — the Seljuq sultan died in 1063, several years before this coin's production window begins. The acknowledgment likely reflects either a formulaic carryover of legitimizing titulature or a deliberate invocation of Tughril's name as a statement of Seljuq suzerainty, regardless of who actually held the sultanate at time of striking.