Dinar - Abu Yahya Abu Bakr II

Abu Bakr II ruled the Hafsid sultanate for over three decades from Tunis, a tenure long enough to produce substantial gold coinage yet poorly documented in Western numismatic literature relative to its historical importance. The Hafsids at this period controlled the primary Mediterranean conduit for trans-Saharan gold, making their dinars instruments of genuine commercial weight in Genoese and Aragonese trade networks — Aragonese merchants in particular maintained formal treaty relationships with Tunis that specified payment terms in Hafsid gold.

The dynasty's caliphal pretensions, asserted after the Mongol destruction of Baghdad in 1258, are embedded in the coin's religious formulae rather than its imagery.