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Denier - Richard I
| Issuer | Normandy, Duchy of |
|---|---|
| Year | 943-996 |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Reference(s) | Dy féodales#18, PA#3/20 ; 6/1 |
| Obverse description | Log in to see details |
|---|---|
| Obverse script | Latin |
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| Reverse description | A degenerate Carolingian monogram occupies the center of the field, rendered in a debased and stylized form derived from the KAROLVS monogram of Carolingian prototype, enclosed within a beaded inner circle. The surrounding area features the same border of triangular tooth-like projections as the obverse. A Latin legend reading ROTOMACVS, denoting the mint city of Rouen, encircles the design. |
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| Additional information |
Issued under Richard I of Normandy — called "the Fearless" — during a reign that saw him consolidate Viking-descended Normans into a functioning feudal duchy while maintaining an uneasy peace with the Carolingian and later Capetian kings of France. The billon content of these deniers varied considerably across the minting period, reflecting no centralized control over alloy composition rather than any deliberate debasement policy.