Denier - Pepin the Short

Pépin III seized the Frankish throne in 751 with papal backing — deposing the last Merovingian, Childeric III, who was forcibly tonsured and sent to a monastery. The coinage reform Pépin introduced in the 750s and 760s broke from Merovingian monetary fragmentation by centralizing production under royal authority, a structural shift his son Charlemagne would later codify into the pound-shilling-penny system that shaped European currency for centuries.

The absence of standard catalog numbers across Nouchy, Prou, Gariel, and Morrison is telling — attributing individual deniers to Pépin's reign with confidence remains genuinely difficult, as die variety documentation for this transitional period is still incomplete.