Denier - Pepin II Bourges

Historical Context: This Denier, struck between 845 and 848, originates from the Kingdom of Aquitaine under Pepin II, a grandson of Louis the Pious. Following the Treaty of Verdun in 843, the Carolingian Empire was fractured, and Pepin II vigorously asserted his claim to Aquitaine against his uncle, Charles the Bald. This coinage, minted at Bourges (Bituriges), served as a crucial instrument of his contested sovereignty, symbolizing his authority and economic control in a period marked by intense internal strife and the gradual decentralization of Carolingian power. Its issuance reflects Pepin's determined, albeit ultimately unsuccessful, struggle to maintain an independent Aquitanian kingdom.

Artistry: While specific engravers remain anonymous, the artistic style of this Denier is characteristic of regional Carolingian mints. It adheres to the aniconic tradition prevalent in early medieval Christian coinage, emphasizing symbolic devices over figural representations. The obverse typically features a central cross, often surrounded by the ruler's name, PIPINVS REX, asserting his regal authority. The reverse likely displays the mint signature, BITVRIGES, or a distinctive monogram, encircled by a pious legend such as XPISTIANA RELIGIO. The design, while functional, reflects the period's stylistic limitations and the pragmatic need for clear identification and legitimization.

Technical/Grading: Struck in silver with a weight of 1.33 grams, this Denier conforms to the general metrological standards of Carolingian coinage. Key points for technical assessment include the clarity of the central cross or monogram, the legibility of the surrounding legends (PIPINVS REX and BITVRIGES), and the overall planchet quality. Given the manufacturing techniques of the era, variations in strike centering, flan shape, and die wear are common. A well-preserved example would exhibit a strong, even strike with full legends and crisp details on the primary devices, demonstrating the mint's capability despite the turbulent political climate.