Denier - Otto III Pavia mint, CIVITAS GLOR

Otto III inherited the Italian crown as a three-year-old in 983, with his mother Theophanu and later his grandmother Adelaide governing as regents. The Pavia mint — one of the most active in the Lombard and Carolingian traditions — continued striking in his name throughout the regency, making it genuinely difficult to assign most surviving pieces to a specific phase of the reign. The CIVITAS GLOR type is catalogued across MEC XII as issues 11 and 12, suggesting at least two distinct die groupings were in production.