カタログ
| 表面の説明 | Half figure, in front, of the Pope mitrate, blesses with the right and holds the cross in the left. |
|---|---|
| 表面の文字体系 | Latin |
| 表面の銘文 |
·PP·IOhES·XXII· (Translation: Pope John XXII.) |
| 裏面の説明 | Two decussed and tied keys. |
| 裏面の文字体系 | Latin |
| 裏面の銘文 |
·S·ECCLIE·ROE· (Translation: Holy roman church.) |
| 縁 | |
| 鋳造所 | |
| 鋳造数 |
ND (1326-1328) - - |
| Numisquare ID | 6979939260 |
| 追加情報 |
Historical Context: This denier was issued under Pope John XXII (1316-1334), a pivotal figure of the Avignon Papacy. During 1326-1328, John XXII was embroiled in conflicts with Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, asserting papal temporal authority across Italy. Parma, a strategically vital northern Italian city, often contested, issued this coinage signifying papal suzerainty. This denier reflects Parma's integration into the Papal States' economic sphere amidst political upheaval and papal power consolidation.
Artistry: Consistent with early 14th-century medieval numismatic art, the denier's design prioritizes legibility and symbolic representation. The engraver remains anonymous, typical for billon issues, but the style reflects prevailing Gothic aesthetics, characterized by robust execution. The obverse likely features a simple cross, often with a legend detailing the Pope's name or title. The reverse typically bears the city's name, PARMA, or a local civic emblem, reinforcing the coin's origin and striking authority.
Technical/Grading: Struck on a small (16 mm) and light (0.64 g) billon flan, this denier often exhibits characteristics typical of medieval hammered coinage. High-points for wear or strike quality include the cross's center, the surrounding legend's clarity, and any central reverse motif. Due to billon composition and production, examples frequently show irregular flans, off-center strikes, and incomplete legends. Collectors should seek specimens with well-centered strikes, clear definition of central devices, and legible inscriptions, qualities often elusive.