Denier - James II Barcelona

James II ruled Catalonia while simultaneously holding the Crown of Aragon and, briefly, Sicily — a dynastic juggling act that produced near-constant political negotiation with Rome and rival Iberian powers. The Barcelona mint operated under strict comtal then royal oversight, and billon coinage of this type circulated heavily through Catalonian markets well into the fourteenth century, surviving in worn condition far more often than not. The low silver content was not degradation but deliberate policy, maintaining continuity with earlier comtal issues.