Denier - Ithier

Ithier (or Itier) held the archiepiscopal see of Arles from around 963 to 981, a period when Carolingian central authority had collapsed entirely and ecclesiastical lords routinely exercised the minting rights that came bundled with comital or quasi-comital powers in the south. Arles sat at a genuinely contested junction — the Kingdom of Burgundy-Provence had passed to Rudolph III's predecessors only a generation earlier, and the city's archbishop minted not as a courtesy but as a practical necessity for local commerce along the Rhône delta.

The PA#4085 variety designation signals meaningful die differences from the type coin — worth cross-referencing against Duplessy's féodales entry 1732 before attributing.