Denier in the name of Empress Helena Worms mint

Helena was the wife of Henry III, whose reign saw aggressive reassertion of imperial control over ecclesiastical appointments — the very policy that would metastasize into the Investiture Controversy within a generation. Worms was among the imperial mints producing coinages in the empress's name during this period, a practice reflecting her formal role as co-ruler and regent rather than mere consort.

Kluge Kar#147 places this piece within a tight sequence of Salian dynasty deniers. The Worms mint attribution is based primarily on die-link analysis and stylistic comparison rather than documentary evidence.