Denier - Henry VI up to Interregnum Nuremberg mint

The bracket 1190–1273 spans one of the most constitutionally turbulent stretches in imperial history, encompassing the minority of Frederick II, the prolonged contest between Welf and Hohenstaufen claimants, and the Great Interregnum itself — that twenty-year vacancy after 1254 during which no universally recognized emperor existed and minting authority effectively devolved to local powers. Nuremberg's mint operated through all of it, its output reflecting shifting allegiances more than stable imperial administration.

The bracteate-influenced fabric common to south German deniers of this period meant thin flans and susceptibility to edge damage — not a strike weakness per se, but a structural consequence of regional minting practice.