Denier - Frederick III Neufchâteau, mounted knight

Frederick III ruled Lorraine during a period when the duchy was caught between the competing pressures of the French crown and the Holy Roman Empire, a tension that shaped its coinage as much as its politics. The denier series attributed to his reign is identified primarily through die study rather than documentary evidence — no mint records survive to confirm precise dates or volumes of production within his fifty-two year rule.

Flon's classification of this type as number 31 reflects decades of scholarly effort to sequence Lotharingian deniers that contemporary sources never bothered to catalog.