Denier - Edward of Woodstock

Edward of Woodstock — the Black Prince — was granted Aquitaine as a principality by his father Edward III in 1362, the same year this series began. The arrangement was politically awkward from the start: Edward ruled in theory as a sovereign prince, yet owed homage to the French crown, a contradiction that French lawyers exploited relentlessly. When the Gascon lords appealed to Charles V of France over Edward's fouage tax in 1369, Charles summoned the prince to Paris as a vassal. Edward's furious refusal effectively ended his rule and reopened the Hundred Years' War.

Production of these deniers ran through the decade of his principality's collapse. Edward left Aquitaine in 1371, gravely ill, never to return.