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Denier - Conrad Utrecht, cross

发行方 Bishopric of Utrecht
年份 1076-1099
类型 Standard circulation coin
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正面文字 Latin
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背面描述 A short voided cross with a single pellet placed in each of the four angles, all contained within a beaded inner circle. The cross arms extend to the beaded border, dividing the surrounding field into four segments occupied by the letters of the mint name legend. The composition follows the standard episcopal denier type of the Low Countries, combining the cross motif as a religious symbol of episcopal authority with the mint name in the outer legend. The workmanship reflects the hand-struck, irregular character of 11th-century hammered coinage.
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附加信息

Conrad of Swabia was appointed Bishop of Utrecht in 1076 by Henry IV — the same year the emperor stood barefoot in the snow at Canossa seeking absolution from Gregory VII. Utrecht's mint was among the most active episcopal mints in the Low Countries during the Investiture Controversy, and coinage issued under Conrad functioned as a direct assertion of temporal authority at a moment when the boundary between imperial and ecclesiastical power was being violently renegotiated across the Holy Roman Empire.

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