Denier - Charles II / Charles III Reims mint

The Reims mint held special political weight in the Carolingian world — it was the archiepiscopal seat where Frankish kings were consecrated, which made its coinage output a matter of ecclesiastical as much as royal prestige. The date range here spans the reigns of Charles the Bald and Charles the Simple, bridging the 877–898 interregnum that saw the western throne pass through Louis the Stammerer, Louis III, Carloman, and Odo of Paris before a Carolingian reclaimed it. Attributing individual pieces within this type to a specific reign depends heavily on die study rather than any visible distinguishing mark, which accounts for the dense cross-referencing across Prou, Gariel, and Morrison.