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Denier - Charlemagne Roses mint, K Rx F

Uitgever Unified Carolingian Empire
Jaar 768-771
Type Standard circulation coin
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Schrift voorzijde Latin
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Beschrijving keerzijde Within a beaded border, the mint name IRODINA (Roses) is rendered in crude majuscule Latin letters arranged in a circular legend around the field, enclosed within a beaded inner circle. The letterforms are irregularly spaced and clumsily executed, consistent with the hand-hammered production methods of early Carolingian provincial mints. The flat, unadorned field and the rough fabric of the flan are characteristic of the pre-reform deniers struck before Charlemagne's monetary reorganisation of 781–793.
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Aanvullende informatie

Struck during Charlemagne's sole reign over the Frankish kingdoms — before the conquest of Lombardy and the absorption of Saxony had transformed the empire — this denier belongs to the earliest phase of a coinage reform that would eventually standardize silver currency across most of Western Europe. The Roses mint attribution remains a point of scholarly debate; Gariel placed it tentatively, and Morrison's cataloging reflects residual uncertainty about several Carolingian provincial attributions from this period. The "K Rx F" formula — Karl Rex Francorum — dates the piece precisely to before 771, when Carloman's death made fraternal partition irrelevant.

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