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Denier - Charlemagne Roses mint, K Rx F

Issuer Unified Carolingian Empire
Year 768-771
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Reference(s) Morrison#259, Gariel Car#IX/114, Depeyr Car#866
Obverse description Within a beaded border, the abbreviated royal inscription K Rx F — Karolus Rex Francorum (Charles, King of the Franks) — is displayed in crude, crudely engraved majuscule Latin letters arranged across the field in two or three lines, surmounted by a horizontal bar or titulus above the monogram group. The lettering is characteristic of the early Carolingian hammered style, with irregular spacing and rudimentary execution typical of the pre-reform coinage of Charlemagne's earliest regal years. The overall layout is aniconic, devoid of portraiture, reflecting the transitional Merovingian-to-Carolingian monetary tradition.
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Reverse description Within a beaded border, the mint name IRODINA (Roses) is rendered in crude majuscule Latin letters arranged in a circular legend around the field, enclosed within a beaded inner circle. The letterforms are irregularly spaced and clumsily executed, consistent with the hand-hammered production methods of early Carolingian provincial mints. The flat, unadorned field and the rough fabric of the flan are characteristic of the pre-reform deniers struck before Charlemagne's monetary reorganisation of 781–793.
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