Denier - Béla IV

Béla IV's reign was defined almost entirely by catastrophe and reconstruction. The Mongol invasion of 1241–42 devastated the Hungarian kingdom so thoroughly that contemporaries described whole counties as depopulated; Béla spent the aftermath systematically rebuilding towns, granting municipal charters, and fortifying the country against a second invasion that never came. Coinage from this reign was part of that recovery apparatus — thin, small-module deniers struck in quantity to support a reviving internal economy.

The multiple reference numbers reflect genuine attribution difficulty, as die variation across a 35-year reign is considerable.