Denaro

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Beschrijving keerzijde	The reverse field bears the inscription PISA arranged in two lines across the central field, serving as the toponym identifying the issuing commune. The surrounding legend reads FREDERICVS, referencing Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa, whose name guaranteed the authority of the coinage. The lettering is executed in crude medieval Latin majuscules typical of 12th-century Italian communal issues. The flan is irregular in shape, a characteristic feature of hand-hammered billon denari of this period.
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Muntplaats	Pisa
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Aanvullende informatie	Pisa's coinage rights in this period derived from imperial grants renewed under Frederick Barbarossa, whose Italian campaigns made the Tuscan maritime republics valuable — and occasionally unreliable — political partners. The denaro circulated widely beyond the city itself, carried along Tyrrhenian trade routes and into Sardinia, where Pisan commercial dominance was at its height before Genoese rivalry began eroding it in the following century.