5 Francs - Rainier III Piedfort

Piéforts are institutional artifacts as much as coins — struck at double (or greater) thickness specifically for presentation to dignitaries, ministry officials, and central bank archives, a practice the Monnaie de Paris had formalized by the nineteenth century. The gold piéfort of this Monaco type occupied an even narrower niche: Monaco's franc-zone membership meant its circulating coinage was tied to French monetary policy, leaving ceremonial and presentation strikings as the primary vehicle for asserting a distinct Monégasque identity in precious metal.

Surviving population figures across the PE16b and PE17a references suggest annual production was measured in dozens, not hundreds.