3 Kreuzers - Philip Louis II

Philip Louis II ruled Hanau-Münzenberg from 1580 until his death in 1612, a period during which the county became a notable refuge for Calvinist immigrants fleeing persecution in the Spanish Netherlands and France. The influx reshaped the local economy and almost certainly influenced mint activity, as a larger commercial population created genuine demand for small-denomination silver. The 3 Kreuzer was the workhorse of that transaction layer.

Suchier's reference remains the authoritative die study for Hanau coinage of this period; KM#11 follows it closely.