3 Flitter - Frederick Ulrich Kipper

发行方	Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Principality of
年份	1621
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制作工艺	Hammered
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背面描述	The denomination expressed as the value inscription 'III FLIT / TER' arranged in three lines within a beaded inner circle, occupying the entire reverse field. The lettering is boldly rendered in the crude, roughly engraved style typical of Kipper-period emergency coinage. A small mark or letter appears at the base of the inscription below the final line. The coin is enclosed by a plain outer beaded border consistent with the obverse.
背面文字	Latin
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附加信息	The Kipper und Wipper crisis of 1619–1622 was one of the most destructive monetary collapses in early modern German history. Mints across the fragmented Holy Roman Empire — Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel among them — raced to debase coinage, clipping good silver coins and restruck the metal into overvalued small denominations. Frederick Ulrich, a weak and frequently manipulated duke, presided over a mint operation that was essentially legalized fraud. This copper 3 Flitter is a direct artifact of that collapse — issued at a face value that bore no honest relationship to its metal content.

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