2 Cruzados - Filipe II

Filipe II of Portugal was Filipe III of Spain — the same monarch, the second of the three Habsburgs who ruled Portugal during the União Ibérica following the dynastic crisis of 1580. The cruzado denomination itself predates the union by over a century, originally conceived under Afonso V as a coin to fund crusading campaigns against Muslim territories in North Africa. By the time these pieces were struck, that crusading purpose was long defunct, but the name persisted through sheer institutional inertia.

The Gomes reference numbers F2 22 and F2 23 distinguish between the Lisbon and Porto mint outputs for this reign.