12 Kreuzer - Frederick Ulrich Kipper

发行方	Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Principality of
年份	1620-1621
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面值	12 Kreuzers (0.1)
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正面文字	Latin
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背面描述	Crowned double-headed imperial eagle displayed, with spread wings, facing outward. A circular orb inscribed with the denomination '12' is placed on the eagle's breast. The imperial crown surmounts the eagle above, and a continuous Latin legend naming Emperor Ferdinand II runs around the periphery within a beaded border.
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附加信息	Frederick Ulrich's 12 Kreuzer belongs to the Kipperzeit — the "tipper and see-saw time" of 1619–1623, when German mints across the Empire engaged in a coordinated debasement race, each authority clipping silver content and passing debased coin into neighboring territories before the inevitable collapse. Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel was no innocent bystander. Frederick Ulrich operated multiple emergency mints during this period, flooding regional circulation with underweight Kipper coinage while accepting full-weight coin in tax payments. The monetary crash of 1623 wiped out savings across the Protestant north. This piece dates from near the peak of the crisis.

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