1 Xerafim - João V Dio mint

João V's Goa-area minting operation at Diu was a secondary facility pressed into service largely because the Estado da India's finances were in near-constant crisis throughout the early eighteenth century. The Xerafim, originally a unit of account inherited from pre-Portuguese monetary practice in the region, had by this period become a physically debased shadow of its sixteenth-century predecessors. The Diu mint's output was modest and its die-cutting uneven, which accounts for the considerable variation collectors encounter across the Gomes J3 and J5 die classifications within what is nominally a single type.