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| Issuer | Uncertain Etruscan mint |
|---|---|
| Year | 240 BC - 225 BC |
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| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Diameter | Log in to see details |
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| Reference(s) | ICC#195, HN Italy#68e, Catalli#82e, Haeberlin#p.275, SNG Firenze 2#1108 |
| Obverse description | Facing head of an augur rendered in low relief, depicted frontally with broadly modelled facial features characteristic of Etruscan aes grave coinage. The head displays schematic hair rendered as radiating strands framing the face. No legend or inscription appears in the field. The casting shows the bold, somewhat archaic artistic style typical of central Italian bronze coinage of the mid-third century BC. |
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| Edge | Plain |
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| Additional information |
The fractional bronze issues attributed to uncertain Etruscan mints in the mid-third century BC were produced at a moment when Rome's monetary influence was pressing hard into northern Italy, pushing local communities to formalize coinage systems they had previously managed without. This piece belongs to a group that scholars have long struggled to assign with confidence — the "uncertain Etruscan" attribution itself reflects genuine disagreement, with Populonia, Vetulonia, and several smaller centers all proposed at various points.
Haeberlin's foundational work on aes grave remains the starting point for any serious study of this series, though his attributions have been revised repeatedly since publication in 1910.