1 Testone - Clement XI Bust right, St. George

Clement XI is best remembered numismatically for his prolific coinage reform efforts and, more historically, for the papal bull Unigenitus issued in 1713, which condemned Jansenist theology and triggered decades of conflict with the French crown and Gallican clergy. The Ferrara mint, operating under direct papal administration since 1598, handled a distinct regional coinage that often diverged slightly in execution from Rome's output.

The testone denomination by this period was already archaic in commercial terms, persisting largely through institutional inertia in papal territories.