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1 Testone - Clement XI Bust right, St. George
| Issuer | Papal States - Ferrara Mint |
|---|---|
| Year | 1716 |
| Type | Standard circulation coin |
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| Reverse description | Saint George, depicted as an armored equestrian warrior, is shown mounted on a rearing horse and thrusting a lance downward at a dragon prostrate beneath the horse's hooves, the scene rendered with considerable vigor and detail. Below the central equestrian group, the date 17-16 flanks a crowned oval shield bearing the arms of the city of Ferrara. The circular Latin legend S·GEORGIVS PROT·FERRARIÆ identifies Saint George as the protector of Ferrara. The entire design is enclosed within a toothed outer border consistent with the milled coinage of the Papal States. |
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| Reverse lettering | S·GEORGIVS PROT·FERRARIÆ 17 16 |
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| Additional information |
Clement XI is best remembered numismatically for his prolific coinage reform efforts and, more historically, for the papal bull Unigenitus issued in 1713, which condemned Jansenist theology and triggered decades of conflict with the French crown and Gallican clergy. The Ferrara mint, operating under direct papal administration since 1598, handled a distinct regional coinage that often diverged slightly in execution from Rome's output.
The testone denomination by this period was already archaic in commercial terms, persisting largely through institutional inertia in papal territories.