1 Scudo d'Oro - Ludovico II

Ludovico II ruled Mirandola under perpetual external pressure — the tiny duchy had survived French occupation, Imperial entanglements, and the ambitions of the Este to its south, and its coinage reflected a deliberate effort to project legitimacy through conformity with the gold standard of the major Italian states. The scudo d'oro format mirrored the Florentine and Milanese issues circulating through the Po Valley trade networks, a conscious political choice as much as a monetary one.

Mirandola's mint output under Ludovico II was never large. CNI IX records only two die pairings for this type, and surviving examples are correspondingly scarce in any condition.