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| Issuer | Duchy of Modena and Reggio (Italian States) |
|---|---|
| Year | 1534-1599 |
| Type | Log in to see details |
| Value | Log in to see details |
| Currency | Scudo |
| Composition | Log in to see details |
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| Diameter | Log in to see details |
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| Obverse description | Log in to see details |
|---|---|
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| Reverse description | Log in to see details |
| Reverse script | Latin |
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| Mint | Reggio Emilia Mint |
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| Additional information |
Ercole II d'Este ruled Modena from 1534 until his death in 1559, meaning any attribution of this type to the full range 1534–1599 almost certainly spans multiple Este rulers sharing the same die types or monetary ordinances. Ercole II was notably sympathetic to Calvinist reform — his French wife Renée of France sheltered Protestant refugees at Ferrara until Inquisition pressure forced a recantation in 1554. That political instability did not halt ducal gold production, but it complicated relationships with both Rome and the French crown simultaneously.