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| 正面描述 | The field is occupied by a multi-line Persian legend struck in the name of the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II, with the words 'Alam' and 'Badshah' positioned flanking the distinctive mintmark of the Chhatarpur mint: a large, stalked sunflower rendered in stylised relief. Subsidiary decorative elements include a narrow leaf with a droplet and a plant bearing five heads on a single stem with two flanking leaves, though in certain die varieties a trident substitutes for the latter motif. The Hijri date AH 1190 appears in Arabic numerals within the field, with the numeral 9 rendered in retrograde form, a characteristic feature of this issue. |
|---|---|
| 正面文字 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 正面铭文 | AH ١١٩٠ (1190), with retrograde 9 |
| 背面描述 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 背面文字 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 背面铭文 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 边缘 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 铸币厂 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 铸造量 | 登录 以查看详情 |
| 附加信息 |
Panna's mint operated under a fiction common across late Mughal India: coins struck in the name of Shah Alam II long after the emperor had lost any meaningful authority over the issuing state. By the 1760s, Shah Alam II was effectively a pensioner of whichever power happened to control him — the Marathas, then the British — yet his name continued to legitimize coinage from dozens of nominally subordinate mints. Hindupat Singh ruled Panna during a period when the Bundela chiefs were navigating constant pressure from both Maratha expansion and shifting imperial alliances.
Barry Tabor's three variety designations (10.18a–c) suggest meaningful die differences within this type, though Panna's output was modest enough that distinguishing varieties in circulated grades requires careful attention to mint mark placement.