1 Rupee - Shah Alam II

Shah Alam II spent much of his reign as a prisoner or puppet — first under the Marathas, then under the British after Buxar in 1764. The coins struck in his name circulated across a shrinking empire he barely controlled, issued from mints that increasingly operated under the authority of regional powers rather than Delhi. After 1803, when the British took formal custody of his person, his regnal name continued to appear on coinage largely as a legal fiction maintained for political convenience.

The long date range of this type reflects that fiction more than any continuity of imperial rule.