1 Rupee - Mahmud Shah Herat mint

Mahmud Shah ruled twice — deposed in 1801, restored in 1809 with British backing after the Sadozai dynastic struggles fractured the Durrani empire following Ahmad Shah's death. Coins struck at Herat during his second reign circulated through a region that was politically and militarily unstable, with Herat itself functioning as a semi-independent power base rather than a subordinate provincial mint. The .398.2 attribution distinguishes this Herat issue from contemporaneous strikes at Kabul and Kashmir, each maintaining distinct die workmanship under effectively autonomous local control.