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1 Real - Carlos II
| Issuer | Casa de Moneda de Lima |
|---|---|
| Year | 1684-1700 |
| Type | Log in to see details |
| Value | Log in to see details |
| Currency | Real (1568-1858) |
| Composition | Log in to see details |
| Weight | Log in to see details |
| Diameter | Log in to see details |
| Thickness | Log in to see details |
| Shape | Log in to see details |
| Technique | Log in to see details |
| Orientation | Log in to see details |
| Engraver(s) | Log in to see details |
| In circulation to | Log in to see details |
| Reference(s) | Log in to see details |
| Obverse description | Log in to see details |
|---|---|
| Obverse script | Log in to see details |
| Obverse lettering | Log in to see details |
| Reverse description | Two crowned Pillars of Hercules flanking waves of the sea, representing the Strait of Gibraltar, with the motto PLVS VLTRA on scrolling banners between the pillars. The field displays the Lima mint mark (L), assayer's initials, and the denomination mark (1), with a partial date visible at the periphery as typical of macuquina coinage. The legends and devices are partially obscured due to the irregular cob flan, a characteristic feature of hammered colonial Spanish colonial silver reales. |
| Reverse script | Log in to see details |
| Reverse lettering | Log in to see details |
| Edge | Log in to see details |
| Mint | Log in to see details |
| Mintage | 1684 LV - - 733,851 1685 LR - - 1,531,184 1686 LR - - 1,453,437 1687 LR - - 1,308,798 1688 LR - - 811,018 1689 LV - - 949,256 1690 LR - - 1,009,288 1690 LV - - 1691 LR - - 481,244 1692 LV - - 1,367,443 1693 LV - - 1,203,595 1694 LM - - 1,430,852 1695 LR - - 1,568,336 1696 LH - - 1,943,677 1697 LH - - 865,506 1698 LH - - 999,104 1699 LR - - 1700 LH - - 836,043 |
| Additional information |
Carlos II, the last Habsburg king of Spain, ruled in near-constant physical and mental incapacitation — regents and court factions effectively controlled colonial monetary policy for most of his reign. Lima's cob coinage of this period has a complicated assayer history; the transition between assayer marks on macuquina strikes from this mint is a primary tool for dating otherwise undifferentiated pieces within the 1684–1700 window.
These irregular cob-struck reales circulated extensively across the Pacific trade routes, moving through Manila and into Chinese markets where silver was valued by weight rather than by issuing authority.